INTRODUCTION

Electronic media trading activities have emerged everywhere (Lim et al., 2025; Huang et al., 2025). Shopping with electronic media is a common form of entertainment and has become a part of today's culture (Deepa & Elangovan, 2024). Some people consider online shopping as entertainment, filling free time, managing emotions, and expressing self-identity (Hudson et al., 2017). This condition is reinforced by the availability of resources such as time, financial situations, hedonic reasons, benefits, and marketing stimuli (Iyer et al., 2020). However, it is possible that it can cause uncontrolled purchasing behavior, especially for people who have self-control problems.

Uncontrolled purchasing behavior is termed compulsive buying. Compulsive buying has become a global problem, especially among students (Mestre-Bach et al., 2017). This situation has become a concern for practitioners and academics to be explored further (Ongsakul et al., 2021).

Compulsive buying behavior is closely related to impulsive buying behavior. Compulsive behavior is a more extreme form of impulsive behavior. Unlike compulsive behavior, the need to buy comes from within the individual, influenced by anxiety sensitivity that wants to be alleviated or the desire to feel better or happier (Bighiu et al., 2015).

Consumers are sometimes unaware of this, especially now that online shopping has become an acceptable addiction (Bighiu et al., 2015). Impulse buying is a growing phenomenon and can be influenced by temporary psychological conditions or situational features of the customer. Impulse buying plays a role online (Akram et al., 2018).

Impulsive buying is stronger if the buyer feels no pressure in payment, such as using a credit card (Syah et al., 2017). Research findings reveal that 85 percent of compulsive buyers have financial problems related to debt (Owusu et al., 2023), and 74 percent of them usually have uncontrolled debt. Material ownership or materialism for impulsive and compulsive buyers is a way to create happiness and success and show their identity (Islam et al., 2018). Materialism is also said to be positively correlated with compulsive behavior.

Socioeconomic status is related to a person's well-being, education, and psychological, physical, and mental health. A person with a good socioeconomic status generally has better comfort in life. Thus, Jalees et al. (2024) argue that individuals with high socioeconomic status are usually wealthy because they frequently buy luxury products that reaffirm their identity and high societal position. Individuals with high socioeconomic status have an orientation to immediately satisfy their needs and enjoy being noticed by everyone (Gaur, 2013).

Socioeconomic status can shape the strength or weakness of compulsive behavior (Cirino et al., 2002). Impulsive buying requires its own time to shop. Individuals who do not have excess time or feel their lives are rushed and busy generally do not have time affluence (Zhao et al., 2025). Individuals with low time affluence who desire to fulfill emotions and reduce stress tend to create compulsive purchases that previously went through impulsive buying (Zhao et al., 2025). So, impulsive purchases can also be formed in individuals who do not have much time (LaJeunesse & Rodríguez, 2012).

Society is generally expected to behave rationally. However, the development of online activities and the availability of supporting resources create a gap for further research, especially Generation Z's trend in fulfilling their online fashion product needs. Generation Z is exciting to explore with all its unique characteristics and developments during the digitalization and globalization period.

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESES.

H1: Financial Management and Impulsive Buying Behavior

Financial management refers to making informed and responsible decisions about financial resources. Studies have demonstrated that financial management significantly influences impulsive buying behavior. Financial management moderates compulsive buying behavior, suggesting that consumers with better financial management skills are less likely to purchase impulsively (Owusu et al., 2023). Further, the importance of financial literacy in managing impulsive buying behavior has been emphasized, with self-control serving as a mediator (Ayuningtyas & Irawan, 2021). Financial literacy significantly affects online impulsive buying, particularly during the pandemic (Ningtyas & Vania, 2022). Therefore, it is expected that financial management negatively impacts impulsive buying behavior.

H2: Materialism and Impulsive Buying Behavior

Materialism, defined as the value placed on material possessions as a source of happiness and success, has been linked to impulsive buying behavior. Materialism directly influences compulsive and impulsive buying behavior, as individuals prioritize material goods for self-esteem and social validation (She et al., 2021). Studies have also found that materialism fosters impulsive buying tendencies, with financial literacy essential in moderating this effect (Lučić et al., 2021). Additionally, materialism significantly contributes to impulse buying behaviors among younger consumers (Tahir et al., 2021). Therefore, materialism is expected to positively impact impulsive buying behavior.

H3: Socioeconomic Status and Impulsive Buying Behavior

Socioeconomic status (SES), defined by income, education, and access to opportunities, significantly shapes consumer behavior. SES moderates impulsive consumption behavior, with higher SES consumers exhibiting a greater tendency for impulsive purchases (Zhao et al., 2022). Higher SES consumers are more likely to impulse buy due to increased disposable income, and economic development levels, closely tied to SES, also influence online impulsive buying tendencies (Zhao et al., 2022). Therefore, higher socioeconomic status is expected to influence impulsive buying behavior positively.

H4: Time Affluence and Impulsive Buying Behavior

Time affluence, or the perception of having enough time to engage in activities of personal interest, influences consumer behavior, including impulsive buying. Time pressure positively affects impulsive buying, suggesting consumers who feel rushed or have low time affluence are likelier to make unplanned purchases (Liu et al., 2022). Time affluence also correlates with well-being and sustainable consumption, and individuals with more free time may engage in impulsive buying to alleviate boredom (Burchardt & Ickler, 2021). Therefore, time affluence is expected to impact impulsive buying behavior positively.

H5: Impulsive Buying and Compulsive Buying Behavior

Impulsive buying can lead to compulsive buying, particularly when individuals fail to control the urges that arise during impulsive purchases. Social proof, such as consumer reviews or influencer endorsements, strongly influences impulse buying on digital platforms, which can further contribute to compulsive buying (Huang et al., 2025). Additionally, gamification in e-commerce can lead to impulsive buying, as consumers are encouraged to purchase through interactive and engaging experiences (Lim et al., 2025). Impulse buying is a key precursor to compulsive buying, especially in environments that stimulate emotional or social triggers. Therefore, impulsive buying is expected to influence compulsive buying behavior positively.

METHOD

Research design

The design of a study provides an overview of the thought process and the stages that need to be completed. This study uses a quantitative research design (Creswell, 2013). Data measurement for each indicator in quantitative analysis uses a semantic differential scale measurement unit, namely, from 1 to 5. This study uses four exogenous variables and two endogenous variables.

The financial management indicator (X1) consists of price, paying bills on time, making written records of expenses, and staying within the budget. The materialism variable (X2) uses indicators of ownership of products that are not yet owned, liking luxury, ownership of unique products, admiration for others, and happiness. The socioeconomic status indicator (X3) includes higher education, job stability, and parental residence status. The time affluence indicator (X4) is living in a hurry, having much free time, having enough time for what is needed, being able to live a relaxed life, having enough time for essential things, and not having enough time in a day.

The impulsive buying variable indicates making direct purchases, buying without thinking, and seeing and buying the product directly. Indicators of compulsive buying include buying things that cannot be afforded, buying without thinking about what is being bought, buying to refresh the mind, anxiety if not buying, and buying without using.

Population, sample, and analysis

This study's population was Generation Z (late teenagers) in Bali who purchased fashion products online, with an unknown number. Therefore, sampling was done using a purposive random sampling technique. The sample criteria required were late teenagers or Generation Z with the standards of the Indonesian Health Service, aged 17-25, minimum high school or equivalent education, familiarity with social media applications, and already using them to purchase fashion products.

The total sample size was 300 respondents spread across all districts in the province of Bali. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews were conducted in an unstructured manner, in a flexible and informal atmosphere, and were conducted repeatedly. Testing the instrument's validity using the Pearson product-moment correlation technique with a minimum limit of r> 0.30. The item is declared reliable by conducting a reliability test with the condition that the Cronbach's Alpha value obtained is greater than 0.6 (Malhotra, 2004).

Path analysis uses inferential statistical analysis. It is an extension of multiple linear regression analysis that estimates the causal relationship between previously determined variables based on theory. Path analysis is used to analyze the pattern of relationships between variables to resolve the direct and indirect effects between independent and dependent variables. The basis for calculating the path coefficient is correlation and regression analysis, and the calculation is performed using software with the SPSS Version 24 program.

RESULT

Consumer behavior generally varies according to the internal and external backgrounds that shape it. The characteristics of the respondents analyzed were all Generation Z people aged 17-26 years throughout Bali. This study used 300 respondents. All indicators to measure the research variables were declared valid and reliable. The inferential statistical analysis used was in the form of path analysis. In this case, the path analysis consists of two regression structures: regression structure I, the influence of financial management, materialism, socioeconomic status, and time prosperity on impulsive buying, and regression structure II, the influence of impulsive buying on compulsive buying. The results of processing statistical data regression structure I are presented in Table 1

Based on the results of processing the regression data structure I, a sub-structure equation 1 can be made, namely: Y₁ = β₁X₁ + β₂X 2+ β₃X₃ + β₄X₄ + e₁

Y₁ = -0,277 X₁ + 0,144X₂ + 0,234X3 + 0,089X4 + e₁

The following are the results of processing structural regression II, which can be presented in Table 2.

Based on the results of processing structure II data, an equation can be made

For sub-structure 2:

Y₂ = β₅Y + e2

Y₂ = 0,434 Y + e2

Table 3 shows the direct influence relationship between variables.

Direct effect

a) The effect of financial management (X₁) on impulsive buying (Y₁) is -0.277.

b) The effect of materialism (X₂) on impulsive buying (Y₁) is 0.144.

c) The effect of socioeconomic status (X₃) on impulsive buying (Y₁) is 0.234

d) The effect of time prosperity (X₄) on impulsive buying (Y₁) is 0.089

e) The effect of impulsive buying (Y₁) on compulsive buying (Y₂) is 0.434

The results of the classical assumption test processed using SPSS 24.0 for Windows software are presented below.

Normality Test

Table 4 shows that the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) value is 0.070, while the Exact. Sig. (2-tailed) value is 0.100. These results indicate that the regression equation model is normally distributed because the Exact. Sig. (2-tailed) value is greater than the alpha value of 0.05.

Table 5 shows that the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) value is 0.077, while the Exact. Sig. (2-tailed) The value is 0.053. These results indicate that the regression equation model is normally distributed because the Exact. Sig. (2-tailed) The value is greater than the alpha value of 0.05.

Multicollinearity Test

Table 6 shows the tolerance and VIF values of the financial management, materialism, socioeconomic status, and time prosperity variables. The tolerance value for each variable is close to 1, and the VIF value is less than 10, which means that the regression equation model is free from multicollinearity.

Table 7 shows that the tolerance and VIF values of the impulsive purchasing variable are close to 1 and less than 10, which means the regression equation model is free from multicollinearity.

Heteroscedasticity Test

Table 8 shows that the significance value of the financial management variable is 0.224, the materialism variable is 0.854, the socioeconomic status variable is 0.309, and the time prosperity variable is 0.470. This value is greater than 0.05, meaning there is no influence between the independent variables on the absolute residual, so the model created does not contain symptoms of heteroscedasticity, or the data is free of heteroscedasticity.

In Table 9, the significance value of the impulsive buying variable is 0.160. This value is greater than 0.05, meaning there is no influence between the independent variables on the absolute residual. Thus, the model created does not contain symptoms of heteroscedasticity, and the data is free from heteroscedasticity elements.

DISCUSSION

The influence of financial management on impulsive buying

The research analysis results show that financial management positively and significantly affects impulsive buying. This means that the better and more well-organized the financial management of Generation Z teenagers in consuming fashion products through online facilities, the more it will impact reducing unplanned purchasing behavior or impulsive buying. Good financial management and always being careful in making expenses can at least reduce the occurrence of impulsive buying decisions.

Every individual has the urge to buy impulsively; it only depends on their ability to manage emotions and finances. Financial management in this study is supported by indicators of comparing prices, making payments on time, making written records of expenses, and adjusting to the budget when shopping, which can reduce the occurrence of impulsive buying.

The financial management of Generation Z teenagers in Bali when making purchasing decisions for fashion products online is quite rational. Their financial management is exceptionally well managed, as they look for price comparisons with similar products before purchasing. These teenagers also make efforts to pay bills on time. Their financial management has written records of all expenses made. Based on the results of open interviews and FGDs, it was stated that Generation Z teenagers in Bali try to manage the costs according to their budget so that impulsive decisions can be suppressed.

The findings of this study are very relevant to Locke's goal-setting theory, developed in 1968. Individual consumer behavior is determined by managing multiple conflicting goals within oneself. The goals are to be achieved through a series of stages of internal and external stimuli and personal emotional drives.

The drive of various stimuli, motivations, and emotions ultimately leads to the decision to achieve goals. The financial management of well-managed teenagers can influence the goals achieved in making decisions to buy fashion products online. Goals can also be achieved if influenced by the impulsive nature of consumers when making purchasing decisions. A person's decision-making can be influenced by several factors, including environmental influences and social influences related to personal characteristics that can arouse emotions to encourage the formation of impulsive purchases (Owusu et al., 2023;Ayuningtyas & Irawan, 2021;Ningtyas & Vania, 2022; She et al., 2021).

The findings of this study support several previous studies that Generation Z teenagers, when making online fashion product purchases, are influenced by better self-control in managing their financial management (Oktaviana & Irawan, 2024; Lučić et al., 2021; Singh & Malik, 2022; Tahir et al., 2021). Good financial management can impact impulsive purchasing decisions. This finding also reveals that Balinese teenagers' financial management in making online fashion product purchasing decisions negatively and significantly affects impulsive buying.

The influence of materialism on impulsive buying.

The research findings show that materialism positively and significantly affects impulsive buying. This means that the better the materialism condition of Generation Z teenagers in Bali is in buying fashion products online, the stronger the impulse to make impulsive purchases. Materialistic behavior is also formed psychologically in each individual, who is oriented toward material ownership. Ownership of certain materials becomes a stimulus to make impulsive purchases.

Materialism in Goal Theory is also one of the stimuli that helps teenagers achieve their goals. This finding is also quite relevant to the implementation of goal-setting theory. The indicators of materialism that support the implementation of Goal-setting theory are ownership of products that are not yet owned, liking luxury, ownership of unique products, admiration for others, and happiness.

Materialism is related to the ownership of products that have not yet been owned, meaning there is a strong urge to own fashion products that have not been owned immediately. This is a strong motivation for Generation Z teenagers, especially with the emotions they have when making impulsive purchases. Liking luxury among teenagers has become a trend today, with a high consumption pattern of fashion products, and it is a motivator for impulsive buying.

The sense of pride in having a unique product that amazes others is a strong indicator that makes teenagers make impulsive purchases. Admiration for others using expensive fashion products encourages impulsive purchases when they directly find the costly product. The extraordinary happiness individuals feel by having many fashion products also enables them to have more, which may motivate impulsive purchases.

Materialistic behavior has an impact on consumers, companies, and economic development. High materialistic behavior encourages individuals to make high expenditures and positively impacts economic development (Jalees et al., 2024; Ningtyas & Vania, 2022; Mukhtar et al., 2021). In line with previous research (Özdemir, 2022; Lučić et al., 2021; Pupelis & Šeinauskienė, 2023), which states that materialistic behavior can influence impulsive purchases. Individual materialism tends to demand a relatively higher standard of living, making it very possible for impulsive purchases to occur.

The influence of socioeconomic status on impulse buying

Socioeconomic status has a positive and significant effect on impulsive purchasing decisions, meaning that the more established or higher the socioeconomic status of Generation Z teenagers, the greater their ability or opportunity to make impulsive purchases. Teenagers with high socioeconomic status are generally considered to come from wealthy people with high pocket money, so they have a high potential for impulsive purchases (Tantawi, 2024; Tarka et al., 2022).

Social status in this study refers to three supporting indicators. Socioeconomic status, with the indicator of high education that is owned, makes teenagers more confident in their status in society, so sometimes excessive self-confidence arises and unknowingly impacts impulsive purchases. This statement is based on the results of interviews and FGDs conducted with research respondents.

Stability in work that is getting better or higher has a high effect on meeting the needs of fashion products online and a higher chance of impulsive purchases. Generation Z teenagers, in their impulsive purchases, are also driven by the conditions of social status related to the status of their parents' residence. Their parents' residence status, which is considered increasingly prestigious, allows them to be a higher driver of impulsive purchases.

This is because teenagers' self-confidence is getting higher, so they have an orientation to immediately satisfy their satisfaction and enjoy the attention of many people (Zhao et al., 2025;Ugbomhe & Adomokhai, 2021; Zhao et al., 2022). This situation unconsciously influences the occurrence of impulsive buying. Thus, a person's socioeconomic status can have a positive and significant impact on impulsive buying and compulsive buying (Xiao et al., 2023;Owusu et al., 2023; Ahmadova & Nabiyeva, 2024)

The influence of Time affluence on Impulsive buying

This study found that time affluence has a positive and insignificant effect on impulsive purchases. This finding indicates that hypothesis four in this study is rejected. Time affluence owned by Generation Z teenagers in fulfilling their fashion product needs online does not affect impulsive purchases. Time affluence refers to having enough time for teenagers to explore fashion products online. Having little time to shop for fashion products online does not necessarily positively affect impulsive purchases.

Meanwhile, findings that differ from the results of this study (Liu et al., 2022;Burchardt & Ickler, 2021; Tröger et al., 2021) revealed that someone with low time affluence can make impulsive and compulsive purchases. Time affluence is formed by six leading indicators, namely a rushed life, having much free time, enough time for what is needed, being able to live a relaxed life, enough time for essential things, and not enough time in a day, apparently has no impact on impulsive purchases.

Teenagers who have high time affluence are considered to have much time, and those who have low time affluence will experience rushed situations in their lives that do not have a significant influence on forming impulsive buying behavior. The prosperity of time ownership indicates that there is enough time to explore products online, but it has not been able to encourage the creation of impulsive buying. Having enough time for things that must be done, such as online purchasing fashion products, is also an important indicator of impulsive buying.

Teenagers need to live a relaxed life when exploring fashion products. Enough time is required to choose fashion products, which is also required for online purchases. The indicator of not having enough time in a day owned by Generation Z teenagers also does not significantly influence impulsive buying behavior. This finding indicates that it is not enough for teenagers to have high or low time affluence to create impulsive buying behavior (Zhao et al., 2025; Duarte Recalde et al., 2025)

The influence of impulsive buying on compulsive buying

The findings of this study indicate that impulsive buying has a positive and significant effect on compulsive buying. The findings suggest that the stronger the impulse to buy, the stronger the impulse to buy compulsively in Generation Z teenagers in Bali who make fashion product purchases through online purchases. These findings also strongly support the implementation of the goal-setting theory. Clear stages are needed to achieve consumer goals. Goal setting theory can be implemented in Generation Z teenagers’ impulsive and compulsive buying decisions when purchasing fashion products online.

Generation Z teenagers in Bali who purchase fashion products online are impulsive buyers because they make direct purchases without thinking beforehand. They immediately buy the product they need when they see or find it. These three indicators are strong enough to form the emergence of compulsive buying. Compulsive buying is related to adolescents' emotional situation when they cannot always control the strong urge to purchase (Huang et al., 2025;Cho et al., 2025; Kong et al., 2025).

Observing the behavior of Generation Z consumers in the online world, who tend to be consumptive, it is possible to create impulsive and compulsive purchases. Online shopping has become an acceptable addiction in society (Lim et al., 2025; Shamim & Azam, 2025).

This study's findings align with those of Duan's (2025) research, which revealed that impulsive buying plays a role in the online purchasing environment. This finding also aligns with those of Husnain et al. (2025), who stated that shopping to improve mood is likely to cause compulsive buying.

Shopping for fashionable products for Balinese Generation Z teenagers online enhances mood and fulfills hedonic needs, which can drive compulsive buying. Indicators of teenagers making compulsive purchases are that they purchase products they cannot afford, they buy without thinking about what they buy, and their purchases are only to refresh their minds, or they buy because they are driven by anxiety.

THEORETICAL AND MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS

Goal-setting theory was first introduced by Locke in 1968 and has been developed to date. It is used in various organizational problems and issues. This study shows that goal-setting theory is crucial in discussing consumer behavior when purchasing fashion products online among Generation Z teenagers in Bali. According to goal-setting theory, individuals have several goals, choose goals, and are motivated to achieve goals that are influenced by many factors.

This study reveals that Generation Z teenagers in achieving the goal of having fashion products online and achieving comfort goals are also influenced by their financial management factors, materialism character, socioeconomic status, time affluence, impulsive buying, and compulsive buying. Thus, this study can enrich the implementation of goal-setting theory on the behavior of purchasing fashion products online in Generation Z.

Teenagers need to pay attention to good expense recording management. For example, making detailed spending records continuously. There is a need for emotional control to suppress excessive happiness if you have certain fashion items, such as trying to be calmer. Impulsive and compulsive purchases impact financial conditions, so teenagers need to pay attention to the stability of their jobs. Teenagers must pay attention to the time adequacy when choosing online fashion products.

CONCLUSIONS AND LIMITATIONS

The financial management variable negatively and significantly affects impulsive buying behavior among Generation Z. This suggests that individuals with better financial management are less likely to engage in impulsive purchases when shopping for fashion products online. While Generation Z participants in the study displayed strong financial habits, such as paying bills on time, their financial management does not necessarily translate into an increased tendency for impulsive buying.

Materialism, on the other hand, has a positive and significant effect on impulsive buying behavior. This means that the stronger Generation Z's materialistic traits, the more likely they will make impulsive online fashion purchases. Similarly, socioeconomic status also positively and significantly impacts impulsive buying, indicating that higher socioeconomic status can boost self-confidence, thereby increasing the likelihood of unplanned purchases.

Interestingly, time affluence does not appear to significantly affect impulsive buying behavior. While having more time to shop online could logically increase impulsive purchases, this study found no significant impact, suggesting that Generation Z might exercise caution even when they have ample time to browse.

Furthermore, impulsive buying behavior is found to have a positive and significant effect on compulsive buying. This implies that impulsive purchases among Generation Z are more likely to lead to compulsive buying tendencies, where emotional attachment to fashion products exacerbates unplanned purchasing decisions.

This study is limited by its focus solely on Generation Z, and the findings may not apply to other generational cohorts, although similar behaviors may exist across different age groups. Additionally, the research is constrained to online purchases of fashion products, and further studies could explore impulsive and compulsive buying in other product categories and offline settings.

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